Abstract Aim Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel highly contagious infection
caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has been became a global public health challenge. The …

For some patients with SARS-CoV-2, the worst clinical damage is not caused by the virus
itself, but by an overactive inflammatory state. In fact, in some people the immune system …

As of May 11, 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been confirmed in 4 152 670
people worldwide, carrying a mortality of approximately 6.8%, 1 compared with a mortality …

The dysregulated release of cytokines has been identified as one of the key factors behind
poorer outcomes in COVID-19. This “cytokine storm” produces an excessive inflammatory …

The pathogenesis of pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) likely depends heavily on …

The last few months of 2019 witnessed the emergence, rise and rapid spread of a novel
coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) …

Cytokine storm refers to the overproduction of immune and inflammatory cells and their
proteins (cytokines)[interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6] causing acute respiratory distress syndrome …

Knowledge about the pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 as it interacts with immune defenses is
limited. SARS-CoV-2 is spread by droplets that come into contact with mucous membranes …

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an ongoing major threat to global …

The outbreak of the novel SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)
responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has developed into an …