Abstract Hayes, Glynn, and Shanahan (2005) defined self-censorship as the withholding of
one's opinion around an audience perceived to disagree with that opinion. They argued that …

We define self-censorship as the withholding of one's true opinion from an audience
perceived to disagree with that opinion. Willingness to self-censor can be conceptualized as …

) introduced the Willingness to Self-Censor Scale as a measure of the extent to which a
person uses cues about the climate of opinion when deciding whether to publicly voice …

In a polarized opinion climate, people may refrain from participating in publicly observable
political activities that make them vulnerable to scrutiny and criticism by others who hold …

In almost all studies investigating spiral of silence theory, the outcome variable has been a
person's reported willingness to express his or her opinion or engage others in a …

We examined how people's willingness to speak their opinions in a real situation varied as a
function of perceived support for those opinions. When given a list of six potential topics to …

We report a meta-analysis of survey studies examining the relationship between people's
perceptions of support for their opinions and their willingness to express those opinions …

Noelle-Neumann's work on the spiral of silence (1974, 1977, 1984) has been one of the
most significant theoretical developments in public opinion research of the past quarter …

The paper presents a test of the spiral of silence theory by means of a structural equation
modeling approach. It first proposes an integral formal model, designed to capture …

Tests of Noelle-Neumann's Spiral of Silence theory have resulted in equivocal findings on
many of the key assumptions on which the theory is built. Either qualified support or no …