Bird species are hypothesized to join mixed-species flocks (flocks hereon) either for direct
foraging or anti-predation-related benefits. In this study, conducted in a tropical evergreen …

We studied mixed-species bird flocks in northeastern India to (a) develop a framework for
quantifying species participation in mixed-species flocks,(b) characterize the ecology and …

Mixed-species flocks result from coevolved relationships between participants: interspecific
gregariousness that varies in strength in different species pairs or groups. Such interspecific …

Mixed-species flocks are ubiquitous in forest bird communities, yet the extent to which
positive (facilitative) or negative (competitive) interactions structure these assemblages has …

Mixed-species flocks of foraging birds have been documented from terrestrial habitats all
over the world and are thought to form for either improved feeding efficiency or better …

Competition theory predicts that local communities should consist of species that are more
dissimilar than expected by chance. We find a strikingly different pattern in a multicontinent …

Conservation biology is increasingly concerned with preserving interactions among species
such as mutualisms in landscapes facing anthropogenic change. We investigated how one …

Social interactions shape relationships between individuals in complex societies. Affiliative
interactions are associated with benefits and strengthen social bonds, while aggressive …

Mixed‐species flocks of birds involve species with different roles and foraging strategies and
are ubiquitous in forest environments. Species roles can broadly be categorized into leaders …

In both single-and mixed-species social groups, certain participants are known to play
important roles in providing benefits. Identifying these participants is critical for …