The evolution of warning coloration (aposematism) has been difficult to explain because
rare conspicuous mutants should suffer a higher cost of discovery by predators relative to …

The evolution of aposematism is considered to be a major evolutionary problem because if
new aposematic forms emerged in defended cryptic populations, they would face the dual …

Aposematism, where prey species conspicuously advertise their unprofitability to predators,
is a widespread defensive strategy. One feature of an aposematic anti-predatory strategy …

It has long been recognized that defended prey tend to be conspicuous. Current theories
suggest that the association ('aposematism') has arisen because predators more readily …

The theory of warning signals dates back to Wallace but is still confusing, controversial and
complex. Because predator avoidance of warningly coloured prey (aposematism) is based …

Aposematism, the use of conspicuous colours to advertise unpalatability to predators, is
perhaps the most studied signalling system in nature. However, its evolutionary stability …

Many animals are toxic or unpalatable and signal this to predators with warning signals
(aposematism). Aposematic appearance has long been a classical system to study predator …

Predators are often unwilling to eat prey with novel appearances (so called dietary
conservatism). It has repeatedly, although controversially, been argued that such wariness …

The question,“Why should prey advertise their presence to predators using warning
coloration?” has been asked for over 150 years. It is now widely acknowledged that …

It has long been recognized that prey that invest in toxic or other defenses often advertise
these defenses by means of conspicuously coloured signals. One question that remains …