In response to different microenvironmental stimuli, macrophages are polarized into two
populations, M1 macrophages which are classically activated by interferon (IFN)-γ with …

Multiple lung pathogens such as chemical agents, H5N1 avian flu, or SARS cause high
lethality due to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Here we report that Toll-like receptor 4 …

Cellular metabolism is a critical regulator of macrophage effector function. Tissue-resident
alveolar macrophages (TR-AMs) inhabit a unique niche marked by high oxygen and low …

At present, therapeutic interventions to treat acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory
distress syndrome (ARDS) remain largely limited to lung-protective strategies, as no real …

The immune response requires major changes to metabolic processes, and indeed, energy
metabolism and functional activation are fully integrated in immune cells to determine their …

Background Naïve lymphocytes circulate in the body in a resting state, but upon recognition
of foreign antigen and receipt of proper costimulatory signals, these cells become activated …

Metabolism is a core process underlying essentially all biological functions. The integration
of metabolism with immunity, known as immunometabolism, is at the forefront of immunology …

Classical activation of M1 macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is associated with a
metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. However, the generalizability …

Innate immune responses are intricately linked with intracellular metabolism of myeloid
cells. Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation shifts intracellular metabolism toward glycolysis …

Sepsis, the 10th leading cause of death, is the most expensive condition in the United
States. The immune response in sepsis transitions from hyperinflammatory to a …