[HTML][HTML] Harnessing the immune system to overcome cytokine storm and reduce viral load in COVID-19: a review of the phases of illness and therapeutic agents

S Khadke, N Ahmed, N Ahmed, R Ratts, S Raju… - Virology journal, 2020 - Springer
Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously named 2019-nCov), a novel …

[HTML][HTML] COVID-19: in the eye of the cytokine storm

R De la Rica, M Borges, M Gonzalez-Freire - Frontiers in immunology, 2020 - frontiersin.org
The dysregulated release of cytokines has been identified as one of the key factors behind
poorer outcomes in COVID-19. This “cytokine storm” produces an excessive inflammatory …

[HTML][HTML] COVID-19: immunopathogenesis and Immunotherapeutics

L Yang, S Liu, J Liu, Z Zhang, X Wan… - Signal transduction and …, 2020 - nature.com
The recent novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is seeing a rapid increase in infected …

[HTML][HTML] Innate immunity, cytokine storm, and inflammatory cell death in COVID-19

R Karki, TD Kanneganti - Journal of Translational Medicine, 2022 - Springer
The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens;
however, dysregulated innate immune responses can induce aberrant inflammation that is …

[HTML][HTML] Mechanistic insights into the immune pathophysiology of COVID-19; an in-depth review

A Shafqat, S Shafqat, SA Salameh, J Kashir… - Frontiers in …, 2022 - frontiersin.org
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes
coronavirus-19 (COVID-19), has caused significant morbidity and mortality globally. In …

Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential …

A Jafarzadeh, P Chauhan, B Saha, S Jafarzadeh… - Life sciences, 2020 - Elsevier
Abstract The COVID-19-, SARS-and MERS-related coronaviruses share many genomic and
structural similarities. However, the SARS-CoV-2 is less pathogenic than SARS-CoV and …

[HTML][HTML] Cytokines and chemokines in SARS-CoV-2 infections—therapeutic strategies targeting cytokine storm

A Pum, M Ennemoser, T Adage, AJ Kungl - Biomolecules, 2021 - mdpi.com
The recently identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
virus, the cause of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the associated ongoing pandemic …

[HTML][HTML] Hazards of the cytokine storm and cytokine-targeted therapy in patients with COVID-19

M Quirch, J Lee, S Rehman - Journal of medical Internet research, 2020 - jmir.org
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has
challenged medicine and health care on a global scale. Its impact and frightening mortality …

[HTML][HTML] Calming the storm: natural immunosuppressants as adjuvants to target the cytokine storm in COVID-19

AE Peter, BV Sandeep, BG Rao… - Frontiers in …, 2021 - frontiersin.org
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global health crisis, with no specific antiviral to treat
the infection and the absence of a suitable vaccine to prevent it. While some individuals …

COVID-19: immunology, immunopathogenesis and potential therapies

A Bhardwaj, L Sapra, C Saini, Z Azam… - International reviews …, 2022 - Taylor & Francis
Abstract The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) imposed public health emergency and
affected millions of people around the globe. As of January 2021, 100 million confirmed …