Abstract COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, emerged as the deadliest outbreak that has
now become a serious health issue to mankind. Activation of inflammatory signaling …

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2 has led to more than
200,000 deaths worldwide. Several studies have now established that the …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causal
agent of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), a systemic illness characterized by variably …

The elevated circulating levels of cytokines associated with a variety of infectious and
immune-mediated conditions are frequently termed a cytokine storm. Here, we explain the …

An emerging, rapidly spreading coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is causing a devastating
pandemic. As we have not developed curative medicine and effective vaccine, the end of …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is a new member of the
coronavirus family that can cause coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). COVID‐9 has …

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 presents with a spectrum of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic or mild …

COVID-19 infection has a heterogenous disease course; it may be asymptomatic or causes
only mild symptoms in the majority of the cases, while immunologic complications such as …

Balanced immune regulation is crucial for recognizing an invading pathogen, its killing, and
elimination. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the key regulators of the innate immune system. It …

The newfound coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), initiated by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an international public health concern …