Computation is interpretable symbol manipulation. Symbols are objects that are
manipulated on the basis of rules operating only on their shapes, which are arbitrary in …

This book was a long time in the making. There are parts of it that date back to about 1987
and other parts that are very recent indeed. It started out as an attempt to bring my own …

A computer program is a semantically interpretable formal symbol system consisting of rules
for manipulating symbols on the basis of their shapes, which are arbitrary in relation to what …

Cognitive science has been dominated by the computational conception that cognition is
computation across representations. To the extent to which cognition as computation across …

Computers do not think. This thesis is defended, initially, by distinguishing between agents
and the actions they perform with instruments, and those operations which instruments …

What is a symbol system? From Newell [28], Pylyshyn [33], Fodor [6] and the classical work
by von Neumann, Turing, Grdel, Church, etc.(see ref.[18]) on the foundations of computation …

There is a prevalent notion among cognitive scientists and philosophers of mind that
computers are merely formal symbol manipulators, performing the actions they do solely on …

The Symbol Grounding Problem is related to the problem of how words (symbols) get their
meanings, and hence to the problem of what meaning itself really is. The problem of …

The predominant paradigm in cognitive science has been the cognitivistic one, exemplified
by the “Physical Symbol Systems Hypothesis”. The cognitivistic approach generated hopes …

When cognitive science emerged as a field in the mid-1970's, a number of researchers
rallied around a certain philosophical view of mind that they assumed would form the …