In the polarizing microscope set for extinction, only that image whose polarization has been
altered is available to form an image. The lenses themselves introduce such an alternation …

A long-standing problem in polarized light microscopy has been the inability, due to
polarization aberrations, to achieve simultaneously high spatial resolution and high contrast …

[57] ABSTRACT A method for determining polarization properties of light from an object uses
a detector for detecting the intensity of light incident thereon. A pair of variable retarders are …

This paper considers the general properties of polarising microscopes and, in particular,
light polarisation changes produced by high aperture lenses. A method is suggested for …

We describe a simple modification to a confocal microscope, which analyses the state of
polarization of light emerging from the specimen so as to permit quantitative polarized light …

In the standard polarizing microscope, birefringent material appears bright only if its optic
axis is oblique to the axes of the polarizer and analyzer filters; consequently, an object may …

Polarized light microscopy provides unique opportunities for analyzing the molecular order
in heterogeneous systems, such as living cells and tissues, without using exogenous dyes …

The various instruments to be described are based on the following principle: a wave front
which has been deformed by optical path difference variations in the object is doubled into …

Polarization interference microscopes are very simple instruments. They can be used in
white light and enable the observation and measurement of transparent objects. Some new …

A differential polarization microscope forms two images: one of the transmitted intensity and
the other due to the change in intensity between images formed when different polarizations …