The handicap theory, in which the cost of waste guarantees honest advertising, is being
used increasingly in solutions to the problems of biological signal evolution. However, it is …

It has been suggested that the common existence of regular patterning in aposematic prey
animals makes them “stand out” from the background, improving detection and recognition …

Many animals are toxic or unpalatable and signal this to predators with warning signals
(aposematism). Aposematic appearance has long been a classical system to study predator …

Animals that are brightly colored have intrigued scientists since the time of Darwin, because
it seems surprising that prey should have evolved to be clearly visible to predators. Often this …

Organisms sometimes appear to use extravagant traits, or “handicaps”, to signal their quality
to an interested receiver. Before they were used as signals, many of these traits might have …

Color signals which mediate behavioral interactions across taxa and contexts are often
thought of as color'patches'–parts of an animal that appear colorful compared to other parts …

Mimicry, warning coloration, and chemical defense in insects constitute especially clear
examples of adaptation through mutation and natural selection. As such, they have been of …

I introduce three scenarios for the evolution of conspicuous coloration associated with
unpalatability in prey animals, based on the ways in which selection for the two character …

The received view of protective coloration in animals is that conspicuous colors and patterns
have evolved because they elicit avoidance behavior in potential predators. In the present …

▪ Abstract Mimicry and warning color are highly paradoxical adaptations. Color patterns in
both Müllerian and Batesian mimicry are often determined by relatively few pattern …