Parties, not individual parliamentary members or voters, will constitute the principle actors in
our analysis. Consequently, we will apply a collectivist model of representation when …

This article focuses on whether styles of representation influence policy congruence. Style of
representation is defined at the party level as the proportion of representatives within parties …

This book offers a comparative analysis of policy representation in five Western
Democracies: France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the US. A leading group of …

One of the most common critiques of political parties is that they no longer represent the
interests of their voters. On one hand, representation literature tasks all parties equally to …

The purposes of this chapter are twofold: to investigate to what extent the behaviour of the
individual in the mass electorates of five political systems offers empirical support for the …

This chapter connects the two end-poles of the chain of political representation: citizens'
policy preferences and public policy outputs. As a step in between, it discusses work on …

This paper examines the extent to which conditions for the 'representative party
government'model of representation exist in the EU. It suggests that, although application of …

This chapter examines policy congruence between voters and candidates, utilising the
candidate and voter surveys of the European Election Study 2009. It demonstrates that …

Issue congruence between voters and parties can be achieved if voters and parties follow
the party mandate model. A central requirement of this model is that parties fulfil their …

The (implicit) assumption of many empirical studies of political representation is
that'congruence between the preferences of citizens and the actions of policymakers …