Previous studies addressing functional aspects of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation in
normal and transformed keratinocytes revealed complex and seemingly contradictory roles …

Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) deficient mice (TNF-α−/− mice) are resistant to skin
carcinogenesis. Cellular signalling via the transcription factor complex AP-1 is thought to …

The mouse skin multistage model of carcinogenesis is an ideal system in which to study
questions related to the timing of oncogene activation and inactivation of tumor suppressor …

We previously reported that human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs)
express the pro‐inflammatory and pro‐angiogenic cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐8 …

Activation of the transcription factor AP-1 (activator protein-1) is required for tumor promotion
and maintenance of malignant phenotype. A number of AP-1-regulated genes that play a …

Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during metabolic conversion of molecular
oxygen imposes a constant threat to aerobic organisms. Other than the cytotoxic effects …

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling is deregulated in many tumor types, resulting in
aberrant expression and/or activation of NF‐κB transcriptional complexes. We have …

Okadaic acid (OA) is a prototypical non-phorbol ester skin tumor-promoting agent that works
by inhibiting protein phosphatases, leading to an increase in protein phosphorylation …

Expression of the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E6 and E7 gene products is a risk
factor for human cervical carcinogenesis as well as skin and oral carcinogenesis …

Cellular stressors such as UV irradiation, chemical irritants, or an immune system challenge
in an otherwise healthy host induce the production and release of cytokines, such as tumor …