Craniomaxillofacial reconstruction poses unique challenges due to the 3D configuration and
the importance to restore function (speech, mastication, swallowing, breathing, facial …

Since the 1980s, systematic application of computer aided design and manufacturing in
health care has revolutionized diagnostic and interventional medicine. 1 The digital …

Virtual surgical planning (VSP) with computer-aided design and computer-aided modeling
(CAD/CAM) enables the opportunity to provide personalized medicine in complex head and …

DISCUSSION Craniofacial surgery poses various challenges due to inconsistent 3-
dimensional (3D) anatomy and inadequate imaging modalities. VSP and computer-aided …

The complex three-dimensional anatomy of the craniofacial skeleton creates a formidable
challenge for surgical reconstruction. Advances in computer-aided design and computer …

Background Virtual surgical planning (VSP), via commercial services or developed in‐
house, has been applied to facilitate head and neck reconstruction. We evaluate a custom …

Complex craniofacial surgery has been later to take advantage of computerized planning
than traditional maxillofacial procedures. Virtual reality, 3D model navigation, and …

Objective: Over the past few years, virtual surgical planning (VSP) has evolved into a useful
tool for the craniofacial surgeon. Virtual planning and computer-aided design and …

Background The use of 3-dimensional (3D) planning, known also as computer-aided
design, computer-aided manufacturing, and virtual surgical planning (VSP) for head and …

Craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgery is a challenging and very demanding field that involves
the treatment of congenital and acquired conditions of the face and head. Due to the …