Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is a
group of autoimmune diseases characterized by nonspecific inflammation in the …

Introduction Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes lesions of the epithelial barrier, which allows
translocation of pathogens from the intestinal lumen to the host's circulation. Hydrogen …

Primary bile acids (BAs), products of cholesterol metabolism and clearance, are synthesized
in the liver and released into the intestine to facilitate the digestion and absorption of lipids …

The gene encoding for Epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein-coupled receptor 2 (EBI2) is a
risk gene for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Together with its oxysterol ligand 7α, 25 …

Background Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a transcription factor of the bHLH/PAS family,
is well characterized to regulate the biochemical and toxic effects of environmental …

Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) catalyzes the production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-
HC), an oxysterol that can play an important role in different biological processes. However …

Unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), a product of heme oxidation, has known immunosuppressant
properties but the molecular mechanisms, other than antioxidant effects, remain largely …

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a multifactorial condition characterized by a destructive immune
response that failed to be attenuated by common regulatory mechanisms which reduce …

Bile acids (BA s) play important roles not only in lipid metabolism, but also in signal
transduction. TGR 5, a transmembrane receptor of BA s, is an immunomodulative factor, but …

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is steadily increasing. IBD is
characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and is divided into the two …