Trained athletes frequently experience low levels of blood haemoglobin (13 to 14 g/100ml in
men and 12 g/100ml in women) plus low haematocrit and low ferritin levels. These …

1) Athletes tend to have lower hemoglobin concentrations than sedentary counterparts. This
has been called sports anemia, a misnomer. 2) Sports anemia is a false anemia and a …

Iron deficiency is frequent among athletes. All types of iron deficiency may affect physical
performance and should be treated. The main mechanisms by which sport leads to iron …

There is still debate in the literature on whether or not endurance athletes tend to have low
iron stores. In this article, we propose that endurance athletes really are at risk of becoming …

As more studies are done on the iron status of athletes, the significance of apparent iron
deficiency remains controversial. Do observed changes in iron status in athletes indicate an …

In recent years, epidemiological studies of the iron status of athletes involved in heavy
training have suggested that these athletes may be prone to iron deficiency. Several …

In brief: Diagnosing anemia in athletes is complicated, because athletes normally have
lower hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations than nonathletes. This dilutional …

Iron is an important mineral necessary for many biologic pathways. Different levels of
deficiency can occur in the athlete, resulting in symptoms that range from none to severe …

In brief: A small percentage of athletes are anemic, and a substantial number have
hemoglobin concentrations that are less than optimal for endurance performance. Possible …

Recent years have brought about new understandings regarding the pathogenesis of
anemia in sports. From hemodilution and redistribution considered to contribute to the so …