Over recent years, a multitude of pathogens have been reported to be tick-borne. Given this,
it is unsurprising that these might co-exist within the same tick, however our understanding …

Tick-borne diseases are common occurrences in both the medical and veterinary clinical
settings. In addition to the constraints related to their diagnosis and clinical management, the …

Introduction Ticks are the most common arthropod vectors of both human and animal
diseases in Europe, and the Ixodes ricinus tick species is able to transmit a large number of …

The emergence of Lyme borreliosis as a public health burden within the last two decades
has stimulated renewed interest in tick-borne infections. This attention towards ticks, coupled …

Tick-borne pathogens such as species of Borrelia, Babesia, Anaplasma, Rickettsia, and
Ehrlichia are widespread in the United States and Europe among wildlife, in passerines as …

Ticks are often infected with more than one pathogen, and several field surveys have
documented nonrandom levels of coinfection. Levels of coinfection by pathogens in four tick …

Increases in tick-borne disease prevalence and transmission are important public health
issues. Efforts to control these emerging diseases are frustrated by the struggle to control tick …

Until recently, the transmission of tick-borne pathogens via vertebrates was thought to
depend on the development of a systemic infection in the vertebrate hosts. Pathogen …

Ixodes scapularis and other ticks in the Ixodes ricinus complex may transmit multiple
pathogens, but research on coinfections has been limited. Coinfections occur with varying …

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