There has been extensive game-theoretic modelling of conditions leading to equilibria of
producer–scrounger dichotomies in groups. However there is a surprising paucity of …

Social relationships are fundamental to animals living in complex societies [1–3]. The extent
to which individuals base their decisions around their key social relationships, and the …

Animals acquire information produced by other species to reduce uncertainty and avoid
predators. Mixed‐species flocks (MSFs) of birds are ubiquitous in forest ecosystems and …

When considering cases in which territorial aggression occurs between species, we find that
the relationship varies with the species' geographical and ecological distributions. If similarly …

Predator detection is improved when individuals join groups. Theory assumes that the
transfer of social information about predators among individuals is immediate and accurate …

Collective decision-making plays a central role in group-living animals and can be crucial to
the survival of a group and the fitness of its members. As group-level properties emerge from …

Mixed-species flocks are formed on the basis of both positive and negative species
interactions. We use foraging behavior in two different flock types to interpret the extent to …

Competition theory predicts that local communities should consist of species that are more
dissimilar than expected by chance. We find a strikingly different pattern in a multicontinent …

Social foraging strategies and their association with learning and innovation abilities have
been studied extensively in flocking birds, but their importance for cooperatively breeding …

We developed sampling methods to characterize the participation of bird species in foraging
flocks led by the Eastern Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) in North-central Florida …