The ability to extinguish fear memories when threats are no longer present is critical for
adaptive behavior. Fear extinction represents a new learning process that eventually leads …

It is a joyous relief when an event we dread fails to materialize. In fear extinction, the
appetitive nature of an omitted aversive event is not a mere epiphenomenon but drives the …

The present study examined the pattern of activation of neurons that express dopamine
receptors 1 and 2 (D1R and D2R), and parvalbumin (PV) in mice that underwent extinction …

Fear extinction does not prevent post-traumatic stress or have long-term therapeutic benefits
in fear-related disorders unless extinction memories are easily retrieved at later encounters …

Recent work on the extinction of fear-motivated learning places emphasis on its putative
circuitry and on its modulation. Extinction is the learned inhibition of retrieval of previously …

Therapeutic interventions for disorders of fear and anxiety rely on behavioral approaches
that reduce pathological fear memories. For example, learning that threat-predictive stimuli …

Extinction of fear responses is critical for adaptive behavior and deficits in this form of safety
learning are hallmark of anxiety disorders. However, the neuronal mechanisms that initiate …

Prevention of relapses is a major challenge in treating anxiety disorders. Fear reinstatement
can cause relapse in spite of successful fear reduction through extinction-based exposure …

Overcoming aversive emotional memories requires neural systems that detect when fear
responses are no longer appropriate so that they can be extinguished. The midbrain ventral …

Extinction-based exposure therapy is used to treat anxiety-and trauma-related disorders;
however, there is the need to improve its limited efficacy in individuals with impaired fear …