Must medical experiments with human subjects offer them a 'favourable risk-benefit ratio',
that is, more expectation of benefit than harm or burden, if they are to be judged as ethically …

Most ethical commentary on clinical research concerns studies involving patient-subjects.
Several reasons may account for the relative neglect of ethical appraisal of research with …

In research ethics there is a canon regarding what ethical rules ought to be followed by
investigators vis‐à‐vis their treatment of subjects and a canon regarding what fundamental …

Clinical research attempts to address a relatively straightforward, and important challenge:
how do we determine whether one medical intervention is better than another, whether it …

In her critique of research ethics, Rosamond Rhodes identifies at least three aspects of the
field that she believes require significant rethinking and reform (Rhodes 2005). Each is part …

Human research must respect most rigorous ethical standards to protect both the
investigators and subjects. Codes of ethical practice relevant to such research are subjected …

In their essay “What Makes Placebo-Controlled Trials Unethical?” Frank Miller and Howard
Brody (2002) argue that the ethical obligations in clinical research are different from those in …

The ethical analysis of research with human subjects has been greatly developed over the
last 20 years, with input from researchers and statisticians as well as philosophers. That all …

In clinical research, ethics review generally first examines whether study risks are
reasonable in light of benefits provided. Through informed consent, then, prospective …

Empirical research related to ethical issues in clinical research has grown dramatically in
recent years. However, little attention has been devoted to the ethical relevance of the …