Abstract Aim Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel highly contagious infection
caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has been became a global public health challenge. The …

Background SARS‐CoV‐2 has triggered a pandemic that is now claiming many lives.
Several studies have investigated cellular immune responses in COVID‐19‐infected …

The exaggerated immune response induced in the lower respiratory tract against
coronaviruses (CoVs), including CoViD-19 (2019-nCoV), appears to contribute to the …

The factors responsible for the spectrum of coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) disease severity and
the genesis and nature of protective immunity against COVID-19 remain elusive. Multiple …

The year 2020 was a landmark year of a once-in-a-century pandemic of a novel coronavirus,
SARS-CoV-2 virus, that led to a rapidly spreading coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The …

Tremendous progress has been made in understanding the role of T cell immunity in acute
and convalescent COVID-19 infection. Here, we shed light on the “known unknowns” of …

The introduction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into the
human population represents a tremendous medical and economic crisis. Innate immunity …

The characterization of cell‐mediated and humoral adaptive immune responses to SARS‐
CoV‐2 is fundamental to understand COVID‐19 progression and the development of …

The serological responses to both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 virus have some unique
characteristics that suggest cross-reactive priming by other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) …

To date, no vaccines or effective drugs have been approved to prevent or treat COVID-19
and the current standard care relies on supportive treatments. Therefore, based on the fast …