Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer in recent years and achieved
overall success and long‐term clinical benefit in patients with a wide variety of cancer types …

Tumor-specific CD8+ T cells are exposed to persistent antigenic stimulation which induces a
dysfunctional state called “exhaustion.” Though functioning to limit damage caused by …

CD8+ T cell exhaustion is a stable dysfunctional state driven by chronic antigen stimulation
in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Differentiation of exhausted CD8+ T cells (CD8+ …

Immunotherapies have emerged as the most promising area in cancer treatments in recent
years. CD8+ T cells, as one of the primary effector cells of anticancer immunity, however …

Chronic antigen stimulation leads to T cell exhaustion. Nutrient restrictions and other
suppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment further exacerbate T cell dysfunction …

Highlights•Current cancer therapy targets both the tumor and the immune system.•Tumor
microenvironment (TME) regulates the anti-tumor immune responses.•Tumor-infiltrating …

CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in anti‐tumour immunity, but they often undergo exhaustion,
which affects the anti‐tumour activity of CD8+ T cells. The effect and mechanism of …

T cells play a crucial role in the regulation of immune response and are integral to the
efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Because immunotherapy has emerged as a promising …

T-cell exhaustion was originally identified during chronic infection in mice, and was
subsequently observed in humans with cancer. The exhausted T cells in the tumor …

Immunotherapy plays an increasingly important role in the treatment of most malignant
tumors, and CD8+ T cells are the most important antitumor effector cells in the process of …