The last two centuries have witnessed countless discoveries in the field of medicine that
found their roots in the up growing development of technology as well as in the visionary …

Natriuretic peptides play a crucial role in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. Among
their properties are vasodilation, natriuresis, diuresis, and inhibition of cardiac remodeling …

The concept that natriuretic peptides might prove a useful tool for the evaluation of cardiac
disease in the routine clinic or community has been around for at least 20 years w1x. The …

The current standard treatment of chronic heart failure (HF) is based on clinical judgment,
with the goal of achieving the maximally tolerated therapeutic program. The complexity of …

Heart failure is a major clinical problem affecting 64 million people worldwide with a 5-year
mortality rate of around 50%. Patients present to the emergency department with inability to …

Congestive heart failure has become a major public health problem. A hallmark of this
syndrome is neurohumoral activation, with elevation of natriuretic peptides, in particular …

The longstanding conventional view of the natriuretic peptide system is one in which the
natriuretic peptides form an important cardiorenal endocrine axis. Specifically, the heart …

Since the discovery of atrial natriuretic peptide, the unravelling of the natriuretic peptide
system has been a story of scientific success. However, bridging the gap between bench …

Heart failure is a clinical syndrome associated with progressive cardiac, vascular, and renal
dysfunction. Regardless of the initial injury, investigations have demonstrated that …

Timely diagnosis, early introduction of appropriate treatment, accurate risk stratification, and
optimal titration of therapy are all key to the management of heart failure (HF). Plasma …