The molecular basis of TNF tolerance is poorly understood. In human monocytes we
detected two forms of TNF refractoriness, as follows: absolute tolerance was selective, dose …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) tolerance in monocytes and macrophages means that
preexposure to TNF reduces the sensitivity in these cells to a subsequent restimulation with …

Because of the cytotoxic potential of CD8+ T cells, maintenance of CD8+ peripheral
tolerance is extremely important. A major peripheral tolerance mechanism is the induction of …

Adaptive tolerance is a process by which T cells become desensitized when Ag stimulation
persists following an initial immune response in vivo. To examine the biochemical changes …

TNF is a major mediator of inflammation, immunity, and apoptosis. Pre-exposure to TNF
reduces sensitivity to restimulation, a phenomenon known as tolerance, considered as …

Background Immune regulation is necessary to control inflammatory responses and to
prevent autoimmune diseases. Therefore, mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance …

Although the transcriptional basis for states of unresponsiveness in primary T cells is
unclear, tolerant B lymphocytes exhibit inhibition of both c-Jun N-terminal kinase induction …

Immune tolerance is a highly regulated state and involves diverse mechanisms. Central to
the induction of tolerance is the targeted modulation of T-cell activities (both effector and …

Following the acute phase of an inflammatory reaction, a strictly controlled resolution of
inflammation is necessary. A dysregulation of this process leads to hyperinflammation …

Monocytes respond to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation with a rapid expression of the
tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene. Upon repeated LPS stimulation there is, however, little …