The immune system is capable of distinguishing between danger-and non-danger signals,
thus inducing either an appropriate immune response against pathogens and cancer or …

Prolonged exposure of CD8+ T cells to their cognate antigen can result in exhaustion of
effector functions enabling the persistence of infected or transformed cells. Recent advances …

T-cell exhaustion was originally identified during chronic infection in mice, and was
subsequently observed in humans with cancer. The exhausted T cells in the tumor …

Highlights•T cell exhaustion represents a continuous spectrum of CD8 T cell dysfunction
defined in models of chronic viral infection.•It is associated with persistent viraemia and is a …

Introduction: T cell functions are altered during chronic viral infections and tumor
development. This is mainly manifested by significant changes in T cells' epigenetic and …

Chronic antigen stimulation leads to T cell exhaustion. Nutrient restrictions and other
suppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment further exacerbate T cell dysfunction …

T cell exhaustion has been recognized to play an immunosuppressive role in malignant
diseases. Persistent tumor antigen stimulation, the presence of inhibitory immune cells and …

In the context of chronic antigen exposure in chronic viral infections and cancer, T cells
become exhausted/dysfunctional. These exhausted T cells exhibit defective proliferative …

T cell responses must be balanced to ensure adequate protection against malignant
transformation and an array of pathogens while also limiting damage to healthy cells and …

Immunotherapy plays an increasingly important role in the treatment of most malignant
tumors, and CD8+ T cells are the most important antitumor effector cells in the process of …