The extent to which voters and parties agree on policies is an important way through which
political scientists have empirically studied political representation. This opinion congruence …

The measurement of policy congruence between voters and representatives is one of the
main areas of the empirical study of political representation. Ever since Miller and …

Congruence on policies between political parties and voters is a frequently assumed
requirement for democracy. To be able to study this, we should be able to calculate accurate …

It is well known that voters prefer parties whose policy positions align with their own. But do
voters actually reward incumbents who implement policies preferred by the electorate …

This chapter connects the two end-poles of the chain of political representation: citizens'
policy preferences and public policy outputs. As a step in between, it discusses work on …

Studies on the agreement, or congruence, between voters and parties have often found
more congruence between higher educated voters and the parties for which they vote than …

The congruence between public preferences and public policy is of special importance in
representative democracies. We want to know whether the public is getting the policies it …

Political parties play a major role in the process of democratic representation. But parties
face complex and often conflicting incentives when it comes to the formation of their policy …

This research note focuses on two specific dimensions of legislative cohesion: the
homogeneity of preferences within a party and party agreement. Although these two …

Focusing on the left-right scale as a summary measure of citizens' and representatives'
preferences, a growing body of literature has used a variety of approaches and data in …