The T cell compartment undergoes characteristic changes with age, which contribute to
increased incidence and severity of infections and reduced immunogenicity and efficacy of …

The decline of the immune system appears to be an intractable consequence of aging,
leading to increased susceptibility to infections, reduced effectiveness of vaccination and …

Immune function declines progressively with age, resulting in increased susceptibility of the
elderly to infection and impaired responses to vaccines. A diverse repertoire of T cells is …

The strict limit in proliferative potential of normal human somatic cells–a process known as
replicative senescence–is highly relevant to the immune system, because clonal expansion …

Aging is associated with a dysregulation of the immune response, loosely termed
“immunosenescence.” Each part of the immune system is influenced to some extent by the …

When encountering foreign antigens, naïve T cells become activated and differentiate into
effector and memory T cells. They represent therefore the primary source to mount an …

There is a generalized age-related decline in immune responses which leads to increased
susceptibility of elderly to infection and, possibly, to autoimmune disease and cancer. This is …

Elderly persons have been exposed to a myriad of pathogens over their lifespan. This life-
long immunological history leads, in some cases, to the generation of expanded populations …

Recent observations indicate that immunosenescence is not accompanied by an
unavoidable and progressive deterioration of the immune function, but is rather the result of …

The adaptive immune system has the enormous challenge to protect the host through the
generation and differentiation of pathogen‐specific short‐lived effector T cells while in …