Background Breast cancer (BC) is a prevalent female cancer, which has high morbidity and
mortality. However, the pathogenesis of BC has not been fully elucidated. Studies have …

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) present in tumor microenvironment acts in a
coordinated fashion to either suppress or promote tumor development. However, the …

Background Insufficient thermal ablation can accelerate malignant behaviors and
metastases in some solid tumors, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and …

Autophagy is a mechanism by which cells degrade cellular material to provide nutrients and
energy for survival during stress. The autophagy is thought to be a critical process for cancer …

Background Accumulating evidence implies that autophagy plays a critical role in breast
cancer development and progression. It is crucial to screen out autophagy-related encoding …

Autophagy is a catabolic process for degrading dysfunctional proteins and organelles, and
closely associated with cancer cell survival under therapeutic, metabolic stress, hypoxia …

Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive cancers, with
a 5-year survival rate of less than 8%. The complicated tumor microenvironment, particularly …

Autophagy is a process that degrades intracellular constituents, such as long‐lived or
damaged proteins and organelles, to buffer metabolic stress under starvation conditions …

Autophagy modulation is a potential therapeutic strategy for breast cancer, and a previous
study indicated that metformin exhibits significant anti-carcinogenic activity. However, the …

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in the initiation, metastasis, and
invasion of breast cancer. However, whether autophagy acts as a tumor promotion …