Abstract During 2013, the US Treasury Department evoked the first use of the 2001 Patriot
Act to exclude virtual currency provider Liberty Reserve from the US financial system. This …

Bitcoin is a virtual currency created by programmers, which is produced at a predetermined
and knowable rate to simulate a limited resource. Its value is derived from the trust of its …

Since virtual currencies first came into the marketplace in the 1990s, those responsible for
monetary policy, federal anti-moneylaundering and economic sanctions programs, along …

This Article investigates an increasingly important yet under-developed body of law:
regulation of virtual currency. At its peak in March of 2014, the daily volume of Bitcoin …

Virtual currencies are online payment systems that may function as real currencies but are
not issued or backed by central governments. As demonstrated by recent events, virtual …

Technology forges ahead at a rapid pace, whether we like it or not. Criminals recognize this
inevitability and use technological improvements to advance their craft, committing crimes …

Decentralized cryptocurrencies are a new type of technology that can be used in several
applications, such as transferring money, recording data, and investing. Unlike most …

Bitcoin first appeared in January 2009, the creation of a computer programmer using the
pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. His invention is an open-source (its controlling computer …

At less than a decade old, Bitcoin and other virtual currencies have had a major societal
impact, and proven to be a unique payment systems challenge for law enforcement …

This article evaluates the legal framework of cryptocurrency in various countries. The new
currency instrument is abstract currencies. They are currencies in the sense that they can be …