The formal stochastic model of voting should be the theoretical benchmark against which
empirical models can be gauged. A standard result in the formal model is the 'mean voter …

Stochastic models of elections typically indicate that all parties, in equilibrium, will adopt
positions at the electoral center. Empirical analyses discussed in this paper suggest that …

Formal stochastic models of voting have concluded that vote maximizing parties will
converge to the mean of the electoral distribution. Much empirical evidence has concluded …

We illustrate the power of “logical models”(Taagepera,) by offering a three-parameter model
of the relationship between the effective number of parties and electoral turnout that makes …

This paper responds to Evans and Kat's critique of the valence politics model of electoral
choice. Their critique is deficient in several respects. First, the authors do not test the valence …

How do polls influence strategic voting under proportional representation? This paper
derives a strategic calculus of voting for coalitions that generates testable predictions about …

This article develops and estimates a dynamic spatial model of voting. The distribution of
voters' policy positions and candidates' valence are recovered using individual‐level data …

In recent years a lively debate has emerged concerning the empirical status of the traditional
proximity spatial model versus a directional model of voter choice. The central reason for this …

Existing spatial models of multiparty spatial competition have difficulty accounting for two
related features of party behavior: that parties typically propose divergent policy programs …

In this analysis of how electoral rules and outcomes shape the internal organization of
political parties, we make an analogy to primary elections to argue that parties use …