Wireless underground communication is a challenging task when electromagnetic (EM)
waves are used. The communication has to face many limitations like spreading loss, fading …

Underground (UG) wireless communication is challenging as the medium is heterogeneous
composition of soil, rock, water, organic matter etc. The UG channel is subjected to change …

A large range of applications have been identified based upon the communication of
underground sensors deeply buried in the soil. The classical electromagnetic wave (EM) …

Underground is a challenging environment for wireless communication since the
propagation medium is no longer air but soil, rock and water. The well established wireless …

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) can enable many important applications
such as intelligent agriculture, pipeline fault diagnosis, mine disaster rescue, concealed …

Underground communication systems present a variety of new research challenges. Here,
the goal is to establish an efficient wireless connection between the transceivers in the …

Magnetic induction communication (MIC) demonstrates high penetration efficiency and low
propagation loss in extreme environments. It is used in underground and underwater …

Wireless Underground Communication Networks (WUCNs) consist of wireless devices that
operate below the ground surface. These devices are either (i) buried completely under …

Earlier researches have proved that the magnetic induction (MI) communication has better
performance compared to the electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation in underground (UG) …

The main difference between the wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) and the
terrestrial wireless sensor networks is the signal propagation medium. The underground is a …