Using a five-year data set including the crowd-less games in the 2020 English, Spanish,
Italian, and German first division football leagues and multivariate regression analysis, this …

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on professional sports, notably, forcing the
National Hockey League to hold its 2020 playoffs in empty arenas. This provided an …

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, European elite football (aka soccer) leagues played the
remaining season 2019/20 without or strongly limited attendance of supporters (ie,“ghost …

Home advantage and referee bias are two sport factors that have been widely studied in the
football (ie, soccer) context. However, the mediating effect of spectators on these factors is …

Using the results from the end‐of‐season (1992–93) league tables, overall home advantage
was confirmed in the eight major divisions of the English and Scottish football leagues. The …

We use a series of historical natural experiments in association football to test whether
social pressure from a home stadium crowd affected behavior and outcomes. The standout …

Introduction. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, European elite football (soccer) leagues
played the remaining season 2019/20 without or strongly limited attendance of supporters …

In a recent paper in this journal, Boyko and colleagues identified differences in attendance
and referee bias as factors influencing home advantage at soccer matches in the English …

Some have claimed that referee and home-field bias in football (American soccer) have
been impacted by the fans at the match. When fans are hostile, the threat referees feel to …

Home advantage is well documented in a wide range of team sports including association
football (soccer). Home team crowd support has been shown to be a likely causal factor and …