▪ Abstract This chapter reviews the extensive literature on bias in favor of in-groups at the
expense of out-groups. We focus on five issues and identify areas for future research:(a) …

In this chapter, bias is defined broadly as an unfair evaluative, emotional, cognitive, or
behavioral response toward another group in ways that devalue or disadvantage the other …

We describe our motivational analysis of ingroup bias. Central to our approach are two
functions of ingroup bias: an identity function (the creation and expression of one's social …

Intergroup discrimination can be defined broadly as differential treatment of individuals
based on social category membership. In many contexts, discrimination takes the form of …

After nearly a century's study, what do psychologists now know about intergroup bias and
conflict? Most people reveal unconscious, subtle biases, which are relatively automatic …

Recent work developing interventions designed to reduce intergroup bias has sometimes
yielded disparate findings. We tested whether the varying effectiveness of such interventions …

Four experiments addressed the different forms and functions of in-group bias in different
contexts. The authors proposed 2 functions: an identity-expressive function and an …

Theories of risk aversion, epistemic defense, and ingroup enhancement converge in
predicting greater impact of negative (vs. positive) experiences with outgroup members on …

This chapter has two main objectives: to review influential ideas and findings in the literature
and to outline the organization and content of the volume. The first part of the chapter lays a …

Three broad themes that emerge from the social psychological research on unconscious or
implicit prejudice and stereotypes are highlighted in this article. First, individuals who belong …