Although observational studies have explored factors that may be associated with
osteoporosis, it is not clear whether they are causal. Osteoporosis in men is often …

Low bone mineral density (BMD) leads to an increased risk of osteoporotic fracture. Total
testosterone and free testosterone were positively associated with BMD, which was …

Context Observational studies indicate that serum estradiol (E2) is more strongly associated
with bone mineral density (BMD) than serum testosterone (T) is, whereas both E2 and T …

Objective Prior observational studies have reported that levels of sex hormones constitute a
risk factor for the fracture. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether there is a causal …

Previous observational studies have identified various risk factors associated with the
development of osteoporosis, including sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). The aim of …

Although the impact of sex hormones on bone metabolism is well‐documented, effect of
their primary modulator, sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG), remains inconclusive. This …

Growing evidence indicates that testosterone is a conspicuous marker for assessing male
bone mineral density (BMD). However, research regarding testosterone levels and BMD is …

Uncovering additional causal clinical traits and exposure variables is important when
studying osteoporosis mechanisms and for the prevention of osteoporosis. Until recently, the …

Age-related changes in sex steroid levels and its contribution to variations in rate of bone
loss among men is unclear. Although, Bio-T and Bio-E 2 levels declined with age and …

Objective Observational studies have found associations between reproductive factors and
bone density in women. However, the causal relationships are not well understood. This …