Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a catastrophic cerebrovascular disease with
high morbidity and mortality. Evidence demonstrated that sphingosine‐1‐phosphate …

Abstract Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a major bioactive lipid mediator in the vascular
and immune system. Here, we have shown that inhibition of S1P signaling prevents blood …

Abstract Background Stroke affects 3–4% of adults and kills numerous people each year.
Recovering blood flow with minimal reperfusion-induced injury is crucial. However, the …

After cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, pro-inflammatory M1-like and anti-inflammatory
M2-like phenotypes of microglia are involved in neuroinflammation, in which NLRP3 …

Medically relevant roles of receptor-mediated sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling
have become a successful or promising target for multiple sclerosis or cerebral ischemia …

Post-ischemic inflammation is an essential step in the progression of brain ischemia-
reperfusion injury. In this review, we focus on the post-ischemic inflammation triggered by …

Background We have previously demonstrated that the expression of kruppel-like
transcription factor-4 (KLF-4) is upregulated in astrocytes following acute ischemic stroke …

Background Inflammation is recognized as an important contributor of ischemia/reperfusion
(I/R) damage after ischemic stroke. Sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS 2), the key enzyme for …

Abstract Background Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signals through G protein-coupled
receptors to elicit a wide range of cellular responses. In CNS injury and disease, the blood …

Background and purpose Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) may
contribute to the proinflammation in the central nervous system diseases by modulating the …