M1/M2 polarization of immune cells including microglia has been well characterized. It
mediates detrimental or beneficial roles in neuroinflammatory disorders including cerebral …

Stroke-induced immune suppression predisposes the host to infections and can contribute
to high morbidity and mortality in stroke patients. Because ischemic stroke has a profound …

Background and Purpose—Preclinical studies and a proof-of-concept clinical study have
shown that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator, fingolimod, improves the …

Microglia are first responders to acute brain insults and initiate neuroinflammation to drive
secondary tissue injury. Yet the key molecular switches in control of the inflammatory activity …

White matter lesions (WML) are thought to contribute to vascular cognitive impairment in
elderly patients. Growing evidence show that failure of myelin formation arising from the …

Oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)/re-oxygenation (OGDR) causes damages to neuronal
cells. Sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) expression could exert neuroprotective functions. Here …

Cerebral ischemia is a devastating disease that affects many people worldwide every year.
The neurodegenerative damage as a consequence of oxygen and energy deprivation, to …

Background: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating disease which leads to high
morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have indicated that, never in mitosis gene A-related …

In a previous study, we found that Heat shock protein B8 (HspB8) overexpression could
prevent the apoptosis and reduced cell viability induced by OGD/R and showed that the …

Lysosomal dysfunction is an essential pathogenesis of autophagic neuronal injury after
ischemic stroke. As a result of cerebral ischemia, transcription factor EB (TFEB) is greatly …