Aims: Metabolic disorders may play key roles in oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in
response to early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Pyruvate …

Abstract Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that regulates
lymphocyte trafficking, glial cell activation, vasoconstriction, endothelial barrier function, and …

Stroke is a leading cause of death, with a continuously increasing incidence. As a metabolic
process that catabolizes glucose pyruvate and provides adenosine triphosphate (ATP) …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death in young adults. After the initial
injury, a poorly understood secondary phase, including a strong inflammatory response …

Sphingosine kinases (SPHK) generate the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate, which,
among other functions, is a potent regulator of inflammation. While SPHK1 produces S1P to …

Therapeutics that promote oligodendrocyte survival and remyelination are needed to restore
neurological function in demyelinating diseases. Sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) is an …

Background: Recent evidence suggests that an extreme shift may occur in sphingosine
metabolism in neuroinflammatory contexts. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-metabolizing …

Background Despite considerable efforts, ischemic stroke (IS) remains a challenging clinical
problem. Therefore, the discovery of effective therapeutic and targeted drugs based on the …

Cell death and subsequent inflammation are 2 key pathological changes occurring in
cerebral ischemia. Active microglia/macrophages play a double-edged role depending on …

Glycine is a simple nonessential amino acid known to have neuroprotective properties.
Treatment with glycine results in reduced infarct volume of the brain, neurologic function …