The purpose of this article is to discuss enforcement of Community law rights before national
courts and the remedies available to private individuals who have their rights infringed. This …

1. What have the organizers in mind when referring to the European ambitions of the
national judiciary? I would imagine those ambitions will go beyond the normal role of …

This is not a treatise, but a collection ofEnglish-language versions ofsome 90
courtjudgments in lawsuits raising, one way or another, questions about the relationship of …

This chapter revisits the relationship between the Court of Justice of the European
Communities (ECJ) and Member State courts as regards the protection of fundamental rights …

1. Some of the features of democracy are that it converts simple interests into rights, that it
confers such rights to private persons, individuals or enterprises, and that it ensures the …

IT is a fundamental principle of the European Community legal order that in cases of conflict
between Community and national law, Community law is supreme 1; Community law, that is …

The title of this paper was suggested to me by the Lord Slynn, a suggestion which I gladly
accepted. It is, in the vernacular of Ireland,'as wide as a farmyard gate', thus giving to me a …

The search for an appropriate balance between the efficiency of the Community legal
system and judicial protection of individual rights is a theme which seems to permeate the …

I Introduction Rights flowing from the Treaty of Rome may be enforced not only before the
European Court of Justice, but also before the courts of the Member States. The enforcement …

It is a fundamental trait of Community law that its application, implementation and
enforcement are largely entrusted to the various public authorities of the Member States. In …