To deal with hardware reliability requirements of critical real-time computer applications,
fault-tolerance provisions have become a widely accepted practice. Failures of software …

In order to assess the effectiveness of software fault tolerance techniques for enhancing the
reliability of practical systems, a major experimental project has been conducted at the …

Four implementations of fault-tolerant software techniques are evaluated with respect to
hardware and design faults. Project participants were divided into four groups, each of which …

Two techniques have evolved for software fault tolerance-N-version programming and
recovery blocks. Both are based on design diversity and use multiple software versions for …

The paper describes a method of structuring programs which aids the design and validation
of facilities for the detection of and recovery from software errors. Associated with the method …

A taxonomy of fault tolerance in commercial computers is set forth. It is organized around
three orthogonal axes: the sources of errors the computer tolerates, the computer's approach …

The authors review and extend available techniques for achieving fault-tolerant programs.
The representation of the techniques is uniform and is illustrated by simple examples. For …

Above all, it is vital to recognize that completely guaranteed behavior is impossible and that
there are inherent risks in relying on computer systems in critical environments. The …

With the increased use of software controls in critical realtime applications, a new dimension
has been introduced into software reliability–the" cost" of errors. The problems of safety have …

Real-time systems often have very high reliability requirements and are therefore prime
candidates for the inclusion of fault tolerance techniques. In order to provide tolerance to …