No fans–no pressure: referees in professional football during the COVID-19 pandemic
MC Leitner, F Richlan - Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2021 - frontiersin.org
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, European elite football (aka soccer) leagues played the
remaining season 2019/20 without or strongly limited attendance of supporters (ie,“ghost …
remaining season 2019/20 without or strongly limited attendance of supporters (ie,“ghost …
How does spectator presence affect football? Home advantage remains in European top-class football matches played without spectators during the COVID-19 …
The present paper investigates factors contributing to the home advantage, by using the
exceptional opportunity to study professional football matches played in the absence of …
exceptional opportunity to study professional football matches played in the absence of …
Covid-19 has turned home advantage into home disadvantage in the German Soccer Bundesliga
M Tilp, S Thaller - Frontiers in sports and active living, 2020 - frontiersin.org
The main factors for home advantage (HA), quantified by the number of points won at home
expressed as a percentage of all points, are believed to be crowd support, territoriality …
expressed as a percentage of all points, are believed to be crowd support, territoriality …
The influence of spectators on home advantage and referee bias in national teams matches: insights from UEFA Nations League
F Sors, M Grassi, T Agostini… - International Journal of …, 2023 - Taylor & Francis
The home advantage and the subconscious referee bias regularly occur in professional
sports, particularly in association football. The matches played behind closed doors in spring …
sports, particularly in association football. The matches played behind closed doors in spring …
[HTML][HTML] Home-bias in referee decisions: Evidence from “Ghost Matches” during the Covid19-Pandemic
We use ghost matches induced by Covid19 in the Bundesliga, Germany's top two football
(soccer) divisions, to investigate whether audiences affect referees. We find that pre …
(soccer) divisions, to investigate whether audiences affect referees. We find that pre …
The absence of fans removes the home advantage associated with penalties called by National Hockey League referees
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on professional sports, notably, forcing the
National Hockey League to hold its 2020 playoffs in empty arenas. This provided an …
National Hockey League to hold its 2020 playoffs in empty arenas. This provided an …
Home advantage during the COVID-19 pandemic: Analyses of European football leagues
The home advantage (HA) is a robust phenomenon in football whereby the home team wins
more games and scores more goals than the away team. One explanation is that the home …
more games and scores more goals than the away team. One explanation is that the home …
A complete season with attendance restrictions confirms the relevant contribution of spectators to home advantage and referee bias in association football
Background Due to the unfortunate pandemic situation, the phenomena of home advantage
and referee bias in sports have recently received a particular research attention, especially …
and referee bias in sports have recently received a particular research attention, especially …
Does crowd support drive the home advantage in professional football? Evidence from German ghost games during the COVID-19 pandemic
This paper examines the relation between crowd support and home advantage in men's
professional football in making use of a unique “natural experiment” induced by restrictions …
professional football in making use of a unique “natural experiment” induced by restrictions …
Home advantage mediated (HAM) by referee bias and team performance during covid
The fans' importance in sports is acknowledged by the term 'the 12th man', a figurative extra
player for the home team. Sport teams are indeed more successful when they play in front of …
player for the home team. Sport teams are indeed more successful when they play in front of …