The climate system of the earth is one of the most complex systems presently investigated by
scientists. The physical compartments—atmosphere, hydrosphere and cryosphere—can be …

Most of this book has been concerned with atmospheric general circulation models
(AGCMs). However, changes in climate, whether anthropogenic or natural, involve a …

Understanding and predicting climate change have recently acquired a sense of urgency
with the advent of serious climate‐related food shortages and with the realization that …

A comprehensive analysis of all the components of the climate system (atmosphere, ocean,
ice sheets, etc) and of all the interactions between them is out of the scope of any course or …

In this contribution, some of the issues related to the workings of climate models are
discussed. The hierarchy of available models is mentioned, and examples are given of both …

This book promotes the use of stochastic, or random, processes to understand, model and
predict our climate system. One of the most important applications of this technique is in the …

1 The Hierarchy of Climate Models.-A gallery of simple models from climate physics.-1
Introduction.-2 Fluid dynamics and thermodynamics.-3 Reduced physics equations.-4 …

Modern climate dynamics uses a two-fisted approach in attacking and solving the problems
of atmospheric and oceanic flows. The two fists are:(i) observational analyses; and (ii) …

The societal need for reliable climate predictions and a proper assessment of their
uncertainties is pressing. Uncertainties arise not only from initial conditions and forcing …

The climate system consists of the atmosphere, oceans, cryosphere, biosphere, and
lithosphere (the Earth's crust). In building computer models of the climate system, there are a …