1. What have the organizers in mind when referring to the European ambitions of the
national judiciary? I would imagine those ambitions will go beyond the normal role of …

This is not a treatise, but a collection ofEnglish-language versions ofsome 90
courtjudgments in lawsuits raising, one way or another, questions about the relationship of …

The national courts of the European Community are faced with a formidable task. On the one
hand, judges are appointed and operate within their own domestic legal order, and derive …

The purpose of this article is to discuss enforcement of Community law rights before national
courts and the remedies available to private individuals who have their rights infringed. This …

From the system of the EC Treaty it follows that the national courts are to a large extent
responsible for the application and enforcement of EC law and for judicial protection in …

IT is a fundamental principle of the European Community legal order that in cases of conflict
between Community and national law, Community law is supreme 1; Community law, that is …

The title of this paper was suggested to me by the Lord Slynn, a suggestion which I gladly
accepted. It is, in the vernacular of Ireland,'as wide as a farmyard gate', thus giving to me a …

It has been said that the influence of the European Court of Justice in the expansion of the
external competence of the Community is a distinctive characteristic of Community law …

A. The area of freedom, security and justice and the role of the Court of JusticeOne of the
subjects which has aroused particular interest in the study of the 'area of freedom, security …

Article 177 EC makes provision for national courts to ascertain from the Court of Justice its
views on the status and meaning of Community law. After amendment by the Treaty of …