Sex differences have been shown in laboratory biomarkers; however, the extent to which
this is due to genetics is unknown. In this study, we infer sex-specific genetic parameters …

Genetic factors contribute strongly to sex hormone levels, yet knowledge of the regulatory
mechanisms remains incomplete. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified …

Objective Epidemiological and clinical studies have highlighted important roles for sex
hormones in the regulation of fat distribution and systemic metabolism. We investigated the …

Background Sex differences are a common feature of human traits; however, the role sex
determination plays in human genetic variation remains unclear. The presence of gene-by …

Background Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), testosterone and oestradiol have been
associated with many diseases in observational studies; however, the causality of …

Males and females present differences in complex traits and in the risk of a wide array of
diseases. Genotype by sex (GxS) interactions are thought to account for some of these …

Context Obesity in men is associated with low serum testosterone and both are associated
with several diseases and increased mortality. Objectives Examine the direction and …

Common diseases often show sex differences in prevalence, onset, symptomology,
treatment, or prognosis. Although studies have been performed to evaluate sex differences …

Background Observationally lower testosterone is associated with an unhealthier
cardiovascular (CVD) risk profile, but this association is open to confounding and reverse …

Testosterone concentrations in men are associated with cardiovascular morbidity,
osteoporosis, and mortality and are affected by age, smoking, and obesity. Because of …