Despite extensive sex differences in human complex traits and disease, the male and
female genomes differ only in the sex chromosomes. This implies that most sex …

Objective Concentrations of circulating sex hormones have been associated with a variety of
diseases in women and are strongly influenced by menopausal status. We investigated the …

Testosterone supplementation is commonly used for its effects on sexual function, bone
health and body composition, yet its effects on disease outcomes are unknown. To better …

The severity and prevalence of many diseases are known to differ between the sexes. Organ
specific sex-biased gene expression may underpin these and other sexually dimorphic …

Sex-specific genetic effects have been proposed to be an important source of variation for
human complex traits. Here we use two distinct genome-wide methods to estimate the …

Background Sex hormones and gonadotropins exert a wide variety of effects in
physiological and pathological processes. Accumulated evidence shows a strong heritable …

Background The majority of preclinical biomedical research involves studies of males rather
than females. It is thought that researchers have avoided females based on the idea that …

Background The prevalence of several human morbid phenotypes is sometimes much
higher than intuitively expected. This can directly arise from the presence of two sexes, male …

Understanding the genetic architecture of disease is an enormous challenge, and should be
guided by evolutionary principles. Recent studies in evolutionary genetics show that sexual …

Sexually antagonistic (SA) selection, a form of selection that can occur when both sexes
have different fitness optima for a trait, is a major force shaping the evolution of organisms. A …