VISUAL PERCEPTION BEGINS in the retina and occurs in two stages. Light entering the
cornea is projected onto the back of the eye, where it is converted into an electrical signal by …

The retina encodes the visual world. It transforms optical im ages into trains of nerve im
pulses, which are then conducted along the optic nerve to the brain. The brain interprets …

The retina, like many other central nervous system structures, contains a huge diversity of
neuronal types. Mammalian retinas contain approximately 55 distinct cell types, each with a …

There is a plethora of professional journals devoted to vision research, and a number of
excellent books dealing with perception as well as the neural bases of vision. No single …

The retina is a thin layer of neural tissue that lines the back of the eye. It is part of the central
nervous system displaced into the eye during development. In addition to the light-sensitive …

Scientific investigation of the retina began with extensive studies of its anatomical structure.
The selective staining of neurons achieved by the Golgi method has led to a comprehensive …

Every second, in an average daytime light environment, hundreds of millions of photons
enter the human eye and arrive at the photoreceptor layer of the retina. All our information …

As a device for extracting information from a visual image, the vertebrate retina is
unparalleled in its range, reliability, and compactness. Signaling in the retina is slower by six …

An understanding of brain function will ultimately require an understanding of the
elementary information processing operations performed by synapses, membranes and …

Hartline's electrophysiological experiments, here reviewed, constitute the first steps in the
unitary analysis of the visual mechanisms of the invertebrate and vertebrate eye. They show …