Life-cycle air emission effects of supplying water are explored using a hybrid life-cycle
assessment. For the typically sized US utility analyzed, recycled water is preferable to …

Abstract Goal, Scope and Background This paper discusses the merging of methodological
aspects of two known methods into a hybrid on an application basis. Water shortages are …

The exploration of life-cycle energy use and environmental effects from US water
infrastructure has been limited in spite of the strong connection between energy and water …

This letter describes a comprehensive modeling framework and the Wastewater-Energy
Sustainability Tool (WWEST) designed for conducting hybrid life-cycle assessments of the …

Solar energy, amongst all renewable energies, has attracted inexhaustible attention all over
the world as a supplier of sustainable energy. The energy requirement of major seawater …

The issues of water supply and management will become more and more critical as the
global population increases. In order to meet future demands, water supply systems must be …

This research compares the cost and the carbon footprint of two potential water supply
options: seawater desalination and water conveyance from remote locations. System …

1.1. Background Coal and natural gas are depletable fossil fuels commonly used to
generate electricity, each with operational advantages and environmental impacts. In the …

Many countries in North Africa and the Middle East are experiencing localized water
shortages and are now using desalination technologies with either reverse osmosis (RO) or …

Renewable energy sources are expected to provide viable alternative solutions for water
desalination to address the issues of high-energy consumption and negative environmental …