Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by the Leishmania genus, affecting millions
of persons in the world. Despite increased studies, no vaccine has been developed against …

Cytokines are pleiotropic polypeptides that control the development of and responses
mediated by immune cells. Cytokine classification predominantly relies on [1] the target …

Cytokines are key mediators of immune responses to autoantigens, tumor antigens and
foreign antigens including pathogens and transplant antigens. The cytokines are produced …

Cytokines play crucial roles in commencing and coordinating the organized recruitment and
activation of immune cells during infection. These molecular regulators play an important …

The genus Leishmania, an obligate intramacrophage parasite, causes a wide spectrum of
clinical diseases. It is worldwide in distribution and causes 20 million new cases annually …

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by different species of the genus Leishmania. Pro-
and anti-inflammatory cytokines play different roles in resistance/susceptibility and the …

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most fatal form of disease leishmaniasis. To date, there
are no effective prophylactic measures and therapeutics available against VL. Recently, new …

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic, widespread, and neglected disease that affects more than 90
countries in the world. More than 20 Leishmania species cause different forms of …

The work of immunologists, cell biologists and parasitologists in the field of leishmaniasis
has not only provided important insights into the immunopathogenesis of this disease, but …

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease of humans, highly prevalent in parts of the tropics,
subtropics, and southern Europe. The disease mainly occurs in three different clinical forms …