We describe two primary stages in the top-down process of lexical access in production, a
stage of lemma access in which words are retrieved as syntactic-semantic entities, and a …

Language switching in bilingual speakers requires attentional control to select the
appropriate language, for example, in picture naming. Previous language-switch studies …

A classic debate in the psychology of language concerns the question of the grain-size of
the linguistic information that is stored in memory. One view is that only morphologically …

ODELS tinguish the selection of between word of a production often disprocesses
concerning single word unit from the mental lexicon and the retrieval of the associated word …

Some models of lexical access in language production postulate that lexical-semantic
encoding is driven bottom-up, by the conceptual input, and top-down, by a representation of …

Many long-standing predominant theories of cognition have viewed higher levels of
processing, such as language and cognition, as free from the influence of lower levels of …

A common assumption in research on spoken word production is that lexical selection is a
competition-based process among co-activated lexical representations. This assumption of …

Across the various entrenchment definitions given in the cognitive linguistics literature, it is
possible to identify the following recurring key ingredients: high frequency of use, great ease …

This study examines picture naming latencies for predicted effects of two word retrieval
factors: onset complexity and number of syllables. In Experiment 1, naming latency was …

Word production is a complex multistage process linking conceptual representations, lexical
entries, phonological forms and articulation. Previous studies have revealed a network of …