Aposematic coloration is commonly considered to signal unpalatability, yet animals
advertise malodour, spines, and weaponry as well as toxins, some of which can be seen at a …

The question,“Why should prey advertise their presence to predators using warning
coloration?” has been asked for over 150 years. It is now widely acknowledged that …

The combined use of noxious chemical defences and conspicuous warning colours is a
ubiquitous anti-predator strategy. That such signals advertise the presence of defences is …

What is aposematism? The word comes from the Greek απο (away) and σεμα (sign) and
describes a strategy whereby animals warn predators about their unprofitability. It consists of …

Aposematism, where prey species conspicuously advertise their unprofitability to predators,
is a widespread defensive strategy. One feature of an aposematic anti-predatory strategy …

Many animals are toxic or unpalatable and signal this to predators with warning signals
(aposematism). Aposematic appearance has long been a classical system to study predator …

The evolution of aposematism is considered to be a major evolutionary problem because if
new aposematic forms emerged in defended cryptic populations, they would face the dual …

Many defended prey advertise their defences to potential predators by being conspicuously
coloured and/or having distinct bold markings. These colourful warning signals benefit prey …

The theory of warning signals dates back to Wallace but is still confusing, controversial and
complex. Because predator avoidance of warningly coloured prey (aposematism) is based …

Aposematic signals are often characterized by high conspicuousness. Larger and brighter
signals reinforce avoidance learning, distinguish defended from palatable prey and are …