BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Indoxyl sulfate, a protein-bound uremic toxin, was found to be
accumulated in kidney tissues with a reduction in renal function. This, in turn, not only leads …

Background and objectives: As a major component of uremic syndrome, cardiovascular
disease is largely responsible for the high mortality observed in chronic kidney disease …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasingly recognized disease with high global
incidence and mortality. Yet, the existing diagnostic tools are not sufficient enough to predict …

Background Uremic toxins are associated with various chronic kidney disease-related
comorbidities. Indoxyl sulfate (IS), a protein-bound uremic toxin, reacts with vasculature …

Results In total, 258 patients (145 men) with a mean age of 57.0±14.6 years old were
enrolled. Median plasma indoxyl sulfate level was used to categorize patients into two …

Background During chronic kidney disease progression, kidney-specific risk factors for
cardiovascular disease come into play. The present study investigated the impact of indoxyl …

Background: Indoxyl sulfate is a uremic toxin that accelerates the progression of chronic
kidney disease (CKD). Serum levels of indoxyl sulfate are increased in dialysis patients. It …

Indoxyl sulfate, a nephrovascular uremic toxin, is markedly accumulated in the serum of
chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Because of its protein binding ability, its removal by …

Indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, is accumulated in the serum of chronic kidney disease (CKD)
patients. A part of the dietary protein-derived tryptophan is metabolized into indole by …

Background: Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a protein-bound uremic toxin that is known to be
associated with the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease and death in both predialysis and …