The uremic syndrome is attributed to the progressive retention of a large number of
compounds which, under normal conditions, are excreted by healthy kidneys. The …

OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality in chronic kidney
disease patients. We have recently demonstrated that indoxyl sulfate (IS), a uremic toxin …

The uremic toxins indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) accumulate in patients with
chronic kidney disease (CKD) as a consequence of altered gut microbiota metabolism and a …

Background Several protein-bound uraemic toxins (PBUTs) have been associated with
cardiovascular (CV) and all-cause mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) but the degree …

Background Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in hemodialysis
patients and is associated with chronic inflammation. Elevation of uremic toxins, particular …

In chronic kidney disease (CKD), indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, accumulates in serum, and
the expression of angiotensinogen (AGT) is upregulated in renal proximal tubular cells. The …

Indoxyl sulfate is a uremic toxin and a ligand of the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a
transcriptional regulator. Elevated serum indoxyl sulfate levels may contribute to progressive …

The intestines are recognized as the main source of chronic inflammation in chronic kidney
disease (CKD) and, among other cells, macrophages are involved in modulating this …

Background/Aims: Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a protein-bound uremic toxin that accumulates in
patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We explored the effect of IS on human early …

BACKGROUND: Uremic toxins are considered cardiovascular and mortality risk factors in
chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Both p-cresol and indoxyl sulfate have been shown …